Course Content
Unit One: – Somali History & Geography
Somali Ethnic Studies is an interdisciplinary field of learning that explores the history, culture, identity, language, migration, social systems, and lived experiences of the Somali people across the Horn of Africa and throughout the global Somali diaspora. Designed to center Somali voices, perspectives, and narratives, Somali Ethnic Studies helps students develop a deeper understanding of Somalia’s rich historical legacy, cultural traditions, and contributions to regional and global society. It also examines the historical and contemporary challenges that have shaped Somali communities, including colonization, state formation, civil conflict, migration, displacement, and resettlement.
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Unit Two: – Introduction/How To Use This Curriculum
With this Somali Ethnic Studies curriculum, we aim to engage high school students – Somali-American and others – in what makes this Horn of Africa country so compelling. Whether it’s Somalia’s status as the first democratic republic in Africa; its geopolitical bridge between North and East Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia; precious minerals; rich fishing waters; its history of refuting colonization; or its predominantly oral culture, there is much to be learned from this country and its culturally diverse peoples. In general, the learning objectives for these units on history, geography, and culture are: Students will be able to describe at least three of the most significant developments in Somali history before and during colonization, and how they contribute to Somali-American experiences. Students will be able to describe the main features of the Somali landscape and how they affect Somali perspectives and practices. Students will be able to name at least four Somali products and perspectives that contribute to Somali-American identities. By the end of these two units on history, geography, and culture (which incorporate some exposure to Somali language as well) we expect that students will have gained an appreciation for the strengths and struggles of the Somali people, exploring the wisdom of an oral history captured in poetry, their abilities to settle and resettle in new lands, the roots of their entrepreneurialism, and their steadfast beliefs in family and faith that undergird the diaspora. With this background, we trust that students’ ability to compare and contrast the Somali experience with that of Somali-Americans, and identities of all sorts, will be better informed. These two units are an introduction to help better understand the current global issues: the aftermath of the Somali civil war, climate change, resettlement of a diaspora, predatory practices of neighboring countries’ terrorist organizations, and recovery from famine, as well as cultural strengths such as family, faith, and entrepreneurialism. We see the emergence of the concept of a “Greater Somalia” that reaches beyond its current borders. We plan to further develop this curriculum to include units on identity and political conflict (i.e., more recent Somali history) and are so grateful for your interest in these foundational chapters. How Tos Please consider this your invitation to adapt the curriculum. Make it your own! We have tried to provide enough context (in the form of “Backgrounders” for each lesson) so that even an educator who is not of Somali heritage feels comfortable with the material. Each lesson has a corresponding slide deck and related assessment materials. Group work is an opportunity for social and emotional learning, reflected the attendant student/teacher assessment. Guidance is also offered for differentiation of instruction and assessment. While we have offered estimated times for each activity, these are simply guidelines. Any lesson could be expanded or contracted. Even if your focus is not Somali Ethnic Studies, we hope that (for example) the writers’ workshop approach to capturing community leaders’ stories may prove relevant. While we strive to offer African-authored materials wherever possible, we also hope those resources – whether print or electronic – will only increase in the future. Unit One The first unit addresses geographical and historical aspects of Somalia and its people. We explore how climate and various push-and-pull factors influence Somali history and aided the Somalis in resisting colonization. The goal is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of what Somalia looked like before colonization, during colonial times, and up to independence, so that future units on political conflict and identity are rooted in some basic understandings. Key themes included the concept of Greater Somalia (“Somali Wayn”) and the enduring issues created by colonial divisions, as well as the role of the Dervish movement and its leader, Sayyid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan, in challenging imperialism. We also examine the contributions of the Somali Youth League in leading Somalia toward independence. Unit Two In the second unit, we focus on Somali culture to help students understand daily interactions within the community, covering topics such as the role of traditional leaders (“hogaanka dhaqanka”) and the roles of women in governance, gender dynamics, marriage customs, values such as honor and generosity, and the significance of various types of Somali poetry and dance. Please note that this curriculum is a work in progress, and several themes and historical aspects are yet to be addressed. A forthcoming unit will focus on Somali identity, examining both the Somali community in Somalia and the diaspora. Another will delve into political conflict, addressing the Somali civil war and its underlying causes, including the effects of the Cold War on Somalia, the colonial legacy, piracy from a Somali perspective, media framing, and the emergence of Islamist ideologies and groups. We also will explore the contributions of the Somali diaspora, particularly in Minnesota and in Somalia, and are considering lessons on the clan system and its significance, the role of the Sufi sect in Somali history, and trade across the Indian Ocean. Thank you for delving in! We hope you discover helpful resources and that you will help us shape units to come. Table of Contents Unit 1: History and Geography Exploring the Geographic and Climatic Landscape of Somalia: Influences on Culture and Economy The Strategic Location of Somalia Origins of the Somali People The Early Dynasties of Somalia Imperialism The Dervish Resistance: Sayid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan and His Resistance Against Colonialism The Colonization of Somalia and Its Impact Somalia's Journey to Independence Elders' Storytelling Sessions Unit 2: Culture What is Culture? Exploring Somali Culture Marriage in Somali Culture Generosity and Honor Introduction to Somali Family and Kinship The Role of Elders Basic Etiquette in Somali Culture Somali Traditional Dances Somali Poetry
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Somali Ethnic Studies

Materials: 

 

Note: “DOK” throughout refers to Dept of Knowledge questions (Level 1: recall; Level 2: skills and concepts; Level 3: strategic thinking; Level 4: extended thinking)

 

Estimated Time

Content

Materials

15 mins.

Review of Somalia’s cultural interactions (“Ignite”)

Have students recap key learnings from the previous lesson (@ 2-3 mins. ea.) on Somalia’s cultural interactions with neighboring countries, projecting/posting their visuals as they share, for a later Gallery Walk.

Projector or space for posting for visuals.

Summative Assessment: Evaluate group presentations for understanding of Somalia’s geography and history.

10 mins.

DOK 3

DOK 4

Video Clip on Supply Chain (“Chunk”)

As a bridging idea to help students shift from the Horn of Africa to the U.S.’s involvement with Somalia, ask: What are your thoughts about WHY the U.S. has interests in Somalia, given what you know so far…? (importance of geopolitical location, number of Somalis in America, key to trade from African continent to Middle East, etc.) 

Encourage students to analyze WHY U.S. interests focus on Somalia, particularly concerning the Bab-El Mandeb Strait and global shipping routes.

(As extension, consider showing this video on U.S. supply chain. Note that it is nearly 45-mins. long.)

Slide #4

Slide #7, #8, #9 

Show this Instagram piece.

15 mins.

Preparation for Guest Speaker and Booklet on Somali-American Leaders (“Chew”)

For this first (in a series) of guest speakers, plan to invite a local figure who could address the issue of U.S./Somali relations. (After this first interview, students can be involved in the identification and outreach to speakers.)

Share with students that an outcome of this quarter’s work will/can be their development of a booklet on local Somali American leaders to be shared with the larger community. Their roles are to interview the speakers, capture the stories in notes, and learn basic journalistic practices in writing these community profiles, who function as “primary sources.” Students will have opportunities for different roles as the booklet develops, from writers to editors, to photographers, to designers.

To prepare for this first guest, have students brainstorm questions, beginning with the journalistic basics of: WHO (proper spelling of full name); WHAT they do in the community; HOW they do that work; WHERE they have come from/lived; WHY they are motivated to do the work; WHEN they came to the U.S. 

Help students understand the importance of follow-up questions if the answer is unclear or prompts further questions.

Further brainstorm questions related to the topic of the U.S. interests in Somalia and what the guest might know about the relationship of the two countries.

Be sure everyone has a question to ask and identify a student photographer or two for the interview.

Formative assessment (of check, check-plus, and check-minus) for interview question development.

Differentiation strategy: 

Roles as interviewers and level of questions according to student strengths.

10 mins

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Intro to Interviewing and Note-Taking 

Note that this activity can either be one day in isolation OR could become part of a larger activity with students interviewing community leaders for a booklet (should there be time in the course of study) to be shared more broadly in the community – through school libraries and community avenues. The journalistic practice of interviewing is the first step of that process. 

Check to see how many students are aware of this system of note-taking, which involves two vertical columns, with the topic/keyword in the left-hand column and details supporting the topic in the right-hand column.

Have students practice by interviewing you with the WWWWH questions. Help them understand the difference between paraphrasing (capturing the interview subject’s ideas in their own words) versus direct quotations – both of which are important. Paraphrasing of the interview belongs in the “Summary” section of the T-chart at the bottom of the page.

T-charts for note-taking

5 mins.

DOK 1

Exit Ticket (“Review”) 

Gallery walk as students exit. Have them note one thing they learned from the other students’ visuals and presentations.

Quick check – check-plus, check-minus – for observations/learnings.

Assessment:

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